About cyanotype

O kyanotypii

Cyanotype's history


It was discovered in 1842 by British astronomer John Herschel (1792-1871) three years after the discovery of the photograph. John Herschel declared it a public patent. Initially, it was used in addition to art to copy technical drawings, tables and contact copies from the negatives of the collodion process. Photographer Anna Atkins illustrated her books on kelp in 1843 with cyanotypia. It was the first book with photographic illustrations ever, and cyanotypia was performed in both pictures and text. The pictures depicted cottages and cottages.

Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie

Cyanotypia principle


Cyanotype works on the principle of sensitivity of iron salts to light. The UV wipe contained in daylight reduces the ferrous ioints listed by the salts to ferrous. By reducing the salts, the shades of blue will be Turnbull blue (iron hexacynoferric iron) and Berlin blue (iron hexakynoferric iron). Cyanotype is a very durable technique, more durable than conventional photographs both on photo paper or digitally printed. The original cyanotype from the 1840s looks like a new one. Cyannotypia fades with time after long exposure to light. If we put the painting in the dark for a while, it will come back again. The fading is caused by the action of UV light reducing iron ions to iron ions, which are white. Putting it in the dark interrupts this reduction and starts the oxidation with airborne oxygen, which in turn oxidizes iron ions to iron, accompanied by the formation of a blue dye. Cyanotype must not come into contact with an alkaline environment with a pH above 7.5, when the image decomposes. Nor must the papers used be alkaline.

Processing cyanotypia


Cyanotype is a low-tech technique absolutely ideal for a beginner. It will offer instantly great results with minimal effort and cost, rewarding creators with a beautiful blue image. If you can master the technique, it can be toned with both fruit or plant dye or tea or coffee. The resulting image is very constant and the 1880s cyanotype is still legible. The image may fade in direct sunlight after an extended period of time. Never mind, just put it in a dark place and the original saturation will return shortly.

Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie

Cyanotypia toning


The cyannotypia's tone options are many and achieve brown, red, yellow, purple and yellow colours. Most tinting processes are carried out in two steps: - bleaching with alkali, e.g. sodium hydoxide - dye tinting Can also be toned in reverse, i.e. dyed first, then bleached. Bleaching solution:

  • Sodium hydroxide 5g
  • water 1l

Coloring solution - strong broth of tea, coffee or tannin 20g up to 1l of water After bleaching, the paper must be washed in water

Cyanotypia safety



  • When mixing solutions, use rubber gloves - protect your eyes with safety goggles
  • use rubber gloves in the final image wash
  • do not eat, drink, watch out for children when handling chemistry
  • use protective UV goggles when UV lamps are used, never look into a UV source without protective goggles
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie

Needs for cyanotypia



  • iron-ammonium citra
  • potassium hexacyanoferrometallicene
  • distilled water
  • 2 dark bottles of approximately 100 ml each (250ml possible)
  • copying frame or clip frame
  • foaming brush for emulsion
  • tray or beaker for invoking an image in the size of a paper
  • master, large format negative or image on a transparent sheet -

UV lamp for illumination of an image or strong sun

  • 2x injection (2x10ml)

Cyanotype recipe


Solution A

  • dissolve 25 grams of iron-ammonium citrate in 100ml distilled water
  • put in a dark bottle

Solution B

  • dissolve 10 grams of potassium hexacyanoferric in 100ml distilled water
  • put in a dark bottle

Just before use, mix a suitable solution A and B in equal proportions Solutions before use to allow at least 24 hours to mature, the older the solutions, the better the picture.

Weakening Cyannotypia



If the image is dark, it can be dimmed. To do this we take a solution of 0.5% - 1% sodium carbonate

Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie

Image Source


The following can be used as the source of the image:

  • plants, fabrics, flat objects translucent, transparent and opaque
  • Large format negative from the plate apparatus
  • image painted on transparent foil
  • photo printed on transparent film
  • convert the photo into black and white
  • turn it horizontally
  • convert it into negative
  • you have to use film for laser printers, only film for this printer to the inkjet printer. A higher quality image will always be provided by an inkjet printer

Cyanotype's paper sensitivities


  • darken the room, light but never mind
  • prepare the watercolour papers, always apply the layer to the top of the paper, not to the bottom
  • on paper make a pencil mark where you will apply the sensitive layer
  • measure the same volume of solution A and B, e.g. 6ml + 6ml
  • combine the two solutions
  • filter the solution through filter paper or PLASTIC sieve
  • wet the foam brush about 4cm wide in distilled water and then dry it
  • dip it into our solution
  • It lasts safely in the dark for around 1 - 2 weeks
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie

Image exposure


After the sensitive layer has dried, we move on to the image exposure

  • put the negative printed side to the sensitive layer of paper, we can connect it with adhesive tape
  • insert this sandwich into the copy frame or into the frame clip (and clip it with office clamps)
  • put the presenter in direct sunlight for 30 minutes (must be tested) - or about 6 - 30 minutes before the UV lamp about 20 cm from it. Exposure duration must also be tested

The length of image exposure depends on:

  • the density of the negative
  • the strength of the light source - the distance from the light source (UV lamp)

Image developing


Processing a cyanotypical image is the simplest of all techniques, as it requires almost no chemistry and is sufficient with water

  • If you have a copy frame with the option to unfold part of the back wall, check the image - it should be clearly visible
  • if it is not visible, add the exposure
  • if it is visible, remove the paper from the frame and place it in a bowl of cold water. If the water is not flowing, sway the bowl or move the paper and replace the water after 1 minute.
  • Wash for approximately 4 minutes
  • To increase the image density, place it in a beaker with water and a little hydrogen peroxide for a while
  • Finally, wash the image in water for approximately 20 minutes
  •  
Dagmar Jílková - Skořepová: Kyanotypie
photography by ©ParanormalPhotography: Dagmar Jílková  & Petr Jílek
webdesign: Petr Jílek
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