Paranormal Photography
True Photographic Art
Discovered 1822
Principle: Niépce used a process called heliography (also known as “sundrawing”).
He dissolved bitumen of Judea (a natural asphalt) in lavender oil.
This mixture was applied to a substrate (a surface or base), such as a pewter plate.
When exposed to light, the bitumen became insoluble in an organic solvent.
Niépce used this method to create the first permanently fixed image from nature in 1826/27. The resulting image was captured using a camera and etched onto the pewter plate. Metal (pewter) was chosen because it was unbreakable and better suited for subsequent etching processes to produce a printing plate
Discovered and used1939 - 1860
Inventor: Jean Jacques Louis Mandé Daguerre
Principle: A polished copper plate was coated with a layer of silver. The layer was meticulously polished in several steps. Next, it was exposed to iodine vapors, creating a sensitive layer of silver iodide. After exposure, the plate was developed using mercury vapors. The process concluded by stabilizing the image in a solution of table salt (sodium chloride) and later with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Often, the image was toned with gold chloride.
Used: 1841 - 1855
Inventor: Jean Jacques Louis Mandé Daguerre
Principle: A polished copper plate was coated with a layer of silver. The layer was meticulously polished in several steps. Next, it was exposed to iodine vapors, creating a sensitive layer of silver iodide. After exposure, the plate was developed using mercury vapors. The process concluded by stabilizing the image in a solution of table salt (sodium chloride) and later with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Often, the image was toned with gold chloride.
Used: 1834 - 1855
Inventor: William Henry Fox Talbot
Principle: A paper soaked in a solution of table salt was dried and then sensitized with a solution of silver nitrate. Subsequently, it was sensitized in safe light conditions and dried. The image was copied from the negative. Finally, the paper was washed in clean water and stabilized in a solution of sodium thiosulfate.
Used: 1851 - 1895
Inventor: L. D. Blanquard-Evrard
Principle: Egg white was used as a binder, and a paper coated with light-sensitive salts (potassium iodide) was placed on the egg white and table salt solution. After drying, it was sensitized with a solution of silver nitrate, along with the addition of citric acid. Subsequently, the paper was exposed to light, and the image was optionally toned.
Used: 1851 - 1885
Invented by: Frederick Scott Archer
Principle: A collodion solution containing silver halides with an admixture of iodide or bromide salts is applied to a glass plate. Next, the layer is sensitized in a solution of silver nitrate. Exposure occurs while the plate is still damp. Immediate development takes place in a darkroom using an acidic pyrogallol solution or a developer containing ferrous sulfate. The plate is then rinsed with water and fixed in a solution of sodium thiosulfate or potassium cyanide. Finally, the plate is dried over a flame and subsequently varnished.
Collodion is a form of nitrocellulose invented in 1848."
Používáno: 1852-1865
Inventor: James Ambrose Cutting
Principle: The same plates were used as in the wet collodion process. The goal of Ambrotype was to obtain a positive, not a negative image. The exposure time was approximately three times shorter than for the wet collodion process, and the developer solution contained ferrous sulfate. After development, the plate was rinsed in water, followed by fixing in a solution of either potassium cyanide or sodium thiosulfate. Finally, the Ambrotype was varnished.
Used:1853-1863
Principle: Similar to the wet collodion process, but the resulting image was on waxed canvas. The image from the glass negative was eventually dampened and pressed onto black waxed canvas, where it dried.
Used: 1856 - 1880
Inventor: A. A. Martin
Principle: A collodion layer was applied to a black-lacquered steel plate (or one coated with asphalt). Later, these plates were mass-produced. A gelatin layer containing silver bromide was applied to the plate. For capturing images, a special type of camera was used, where the exposed plate automatically moved to the lower part into a tray with developer solution. This was followed by fixing, washing, and bleaching with mercuric chloride.